Nutrition knowledge of recreational runners: A systematic review
Running has experienced substantial growth, with individuals engaging in rigorous training for health and personal achievement (1). However, the nutrition knowledge of recreational runners remains under-researched. Adequate nutrition knowledge supports training, fuelling, performance, and health. Unlike elite athletes, recreational runners train at high volumes without guidance from sports dietitians, leaving them vulnerable to online misinformation from unregulated sources such as social media. Understanding their level of nutrition knowledge can identify potential gaps that may impact their health and performance (2). This review aimed to synthesize the literature assessing nutrition knowledge in recreational runners. Objectives included: (1) identify and evaluate studies investigating nutrition knowledge in this population; (2) summarize existing findings to highlight knowledge gaps and nutrition information sources. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and underwent PROSPERO registration. Five databases were searched for studies published between 2000–2025. Studies were included that targeted runners (highly trained, trained, recreational), aged >18, with a nutrition knowledge assessment completed using a validated/non-validated tool. Screening and review were completed in duplicate. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies assessed quality. Data were synthesised narratively. Five studies were included assessing the nutrition knowledge of 251 female and 306 male runners. Studies were in Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Turkey, including running disciplines of ultramarathon, marathon, cross-country, and mixed-distance runners. The nutrition knowledge tools (knowledge topics assessed) used were the ULTRA-Q (nutrients, recovery, supplements, body composition), CEAC-Q (carbohydrates), A-NSKQ (general and sport nutrition), Nutrition Knowledge LSA (general nutrition, dietary preferences), and a modified Werblow-based questionnaire (macro/micronutrients, hydration, sports nutrition, weight loss). Correct nutrition knowledge scores varied across the different tools and disciplines ranging 50–69%. Gaps included carbohydrate fuelling, supplement use, hydration, and energy availability. Runners relied on informal sources including peers, magazines, and online platforms, reporting limited dietitian engagement. Higher education attainment and prior nutrition education were associated with better nutrition knowledge. Quality assessment indicated 70/100 on average. Recreational runners exhibit moderate nutrition knowledge with gaps in key sports nutrition topics. Limited engagement with sports dietitians and reliance on informal sources may contribute to suboptimal dietary practices. Further research should explore recreational runners’ nutrition knowledge using consistent and validated tools to better understand these gaps.